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    2019-08-08

    Heterozygous SERT knockout showed an intermediate level of FPS in Experiment 1, but normal FPS in Experiment 4, Experiment 5. Apparently, high redundancy exists in the involvement of SERT in normal fear acquisition, as availability of only 60% of normal SERT levels (Homberg et al., 2007a) is still sufficient to show relatively normal fear learning. The deficit in fear acquisition in SERT−/− rats is very consistent, as it was replicated in all separate experimental groups throughout the study. In addition, it is unlikely that the absence of fear-potentiated startle in SERT−/− rats was due to a ceiling effect because fear-potentiated startle was also absent under experimental conditions were SERT−/− did not show exacerbated contextual fear and overall startle levels were still at baseline levels (Figures 1B and 2). The finding that prepulse inhibition (Supplement 1), a measure of sensorimotor gating, is intact shows that the deficits found are not due to general deficits in information processing, rather they seem specific for the responses to threatening stimuli. In conclusion, we showed ACET powder that ACET powder of the SERT results in a marked fear learning deficit, which shows similarity to associative fear learning deficits in panic disorder patients. These findings further implicate the serotonin transporter in the fear learning deficits seen in panic disorder patients. The finding that CRF1 receptor blockade during fear acquisition could normalize fear learning and prevented the exacerbation of contextual fear, suggests a specific role for central CRF signaling and CRF-serotonin interactions in fear learning. As such, current findings suggest that the CRF1 receptor may be an interesting pharmacological target to prevent fear generalization and subsequent symptom exacerbation in panic disorder patients.
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    Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Edwin Cuppen (Hubrecht Laboratory, the Netherlands) for providing heterozygous SERT knockout breeding pairs and Monika Verdouw, Johnny Chan, Wendy Timmermans, Arda Kroesen, Jurre van Gool, Saskia Oosterbroek and Linda Koene for their excellent practical assistance. This study was financially supported by Neuroscience & Cognition Utrecht, the Netherlands.